The Chemical Science

In the 17th Century:

Rapid accumulation of knowledge never happened before the 17th century.

1608-Telescope was invented in the Netherlands.

1614-Use of logarithms for the calculation by Neper. 

1620-Francis Bacon experimental science philosophy. 

1638-laws of falling bodies by Galileo Galilei.

1643-Mercury barometer by Torricelli.

1660-The Royal Society was established in London for the improvement of natural knowledge. 

1661-Robert Boyle defined element, acid, and base concept.

1665- The microscope was invented by Robert Hooke.

1666-French Academy of Science started in Paris. the ore processing was studied here. 

In the 18th Century:

1748- Coal mining started

1760- Iron smelting started

1765- steam Engine.

1781- James Watt’s Steam Engine and Industrial revolution. Steam locomotives for the transport of large loads on railroads. By 1800, the firm Boulton and Watts had constructed 496 steam engines.

 

What science offered in the 18th century was the hope that careful observation and experimentation might improve industrial production significantly.  

1754-1756 Joseph Black and discovery of fixed air: 

1766-Henry Cavendish discovered inflammable gas, hydrogen.

1773-Sheele isolated oxygen using silver carbonate.

1774-Priestly discovered Oxygen by heating HgO.

Lavoisier: 1777-1794

Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783) and opposed the phlogiston theory. 

In a series of careful balance experiments Lavoisier untangled  

reactions to show that, when it burned, combustion actually involves the combination of bodies with a gas that Lavoisier named oxygen. 

The chemical revolution was as much a revolution in a method as in. Gravimetric methods made possible precise analysis, and this, Lavoisier insisted, was the central concern of the new chemistry. 

Lavoisier the French chemist:

Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783), and opposed the phlogiston theory. Lavoisier helped construct the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. 

Lavoisier made many fundamental contributions to the science of chemistry. Following Lavoisier's work, chemistry acquired a strict quantitative nature, allowing reliable predictions to be made. The revolution in chemistry which he brought about was a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory. He established the consistent use of chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature. 

1782-Lavoisier established the law of conservation of mass. 

1789-For the first time, He Made a list of 23 known elements. He wrote the elementary treatise of chemistry. 

In the 19th century:

1804-French chemist Joseph Proust proposed the law of definite proportions, which states that elements always combine in small, whole-number ratios to form compounds, based on several experiments conducted between 1797 and 1804. 

1803-The law of multiple proportions by Dalton.

1803-Dalton's atomic theory.

Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.

Atoms of the same element are identical in size, mass, and other properties. Atoms of different elements have different properties.

Atoms cannot be created, subdivided, or destroyed.

Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to form chemical compounds.

In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged to form new compounds

1808- Law of combining volumes by Gay-Lussac.

1811-Avogadro's law states that equal volumes of different gases at the same temperature and pressure must contain the same number of particles.

1812-using Volta's battery, Humphry Davy isolated new elements like potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, and Boron.

1817-Jacob Berzelius was a Swedish Chemist. Berzelius, [disciple of Dalton], named the elements and used symbols to represent elements in a chemical formula. He also calculated the atomic weights of different elements.

1834-Michael Faraday:

Faraday discovered that when electricity is passed through ionic solutions, the amount of chemical change produced was proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through it.

1841-chemical society was founded in England.